The paper distinguishes between ‘root causes’10 and ‘secondary causes’11, placing ‘lack of education’
(in a group with unemployment and population pressure) as one of three ‘secondary’ causes. A further
five ‘tertiary causes’12 are also given. But does such a typology do justice to the huge range of interactions
between conflict and education? In Mozambique the targeting of schools may have exacerbated conflict,
but in Burundi13 issues of resource allocation and language in the formal education14 system have caused
problems of exclusion. Surely, such differing factors cannot be given the same place in the hierarchy of
causes?