4. State typical VO2 max values for various sedentary, active, and athletic populations. 5. Understand the contribution of heart rate, stroke vol- ume, and the a-v O2 difference in determining vo2 max.
6. Discuss how training increases VO2 max.
7. Define preload, afterload, and contractility, and discuss the role of each in the increase in the maximal stroke volume that occurs with endurance training.
8. Describe the changes in muscle structure that are re- sponsible for the increase in the maximal a-v O2 differ ence with endurance training.
9. List and discuss the primary changes that occur in skel etal muscle as a result of endurance training.
10. Explain how endurance training improves acid-base balance during exercise.
11. outline the "big picture" changes that occur in skeletal muscle as a result of exercise training and discuss the specificity o exercise-training responses.
12. List the four primary signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle .
13. List and define the function of six important secondary messengers in skeletal muscle.
14.outline the signaling events that lead to endurance training-induced muscle adaptation.
15. Discuss how changes in "central command" and "pe- ripheral feedback" following an endurance training program can lower the heart rate, ventilation, and cat- echolamine responses to a submaximal exercise bout.
16. Describe the underlying causes of the decrease in Vo max that occurs with cessation of endurance training
17. Contrast the role of neural adaptations with hypertro- phy in the increase in strength that occurs with resis- tance training.
18. Identify the primary changes that occur in skeletal muscle fibers in response to resistance training.
19. outline the signaling events that lead to resistance training induced increases in muscle growth.
20. Discuss how detraining following strength training affects muscle fiber size and strength.
21. How does retraining influence muscle fiber size and strength?
22. Explain why concurrent strength and endurance train ing can impair strength gains.