Abstract
Biscuits and cookies are small, sweetened, cereal-based, baked products. They are broadly characterized by dough properties and then further classified by the process used to form and place them on the oven band. The three broad categories are hard doughs, short doughs, and wafers. Short doughs are further classified as deposited, rotary mold, cutting machine, or extruded. Rotary cut and stamped are subdivisions of the cutting machine process, while wire cut and bar-press (rout-press) are subdivisions of the extruded process. Crackers are small, savory or salty, cereal-based, baked products. Types include saltine (soda), cream, and snack crackers.
Keywords
Bar-press; Biscuits; Cookies; Crackers; Cream crackers; Cutting machine; Deposit cookies; Hard dough; Rotary cut; Rotary mold; Saltine crackers; Sheeted; Short dough; Snack crackers; Wafers; Wire cut
Introduction
There are hundreds of varieties of biscuits, cookies, and crackers found across the globe. Diverse terminology in different parts of the world causes some confusion regarding the distinction between biscuits and cookies. In North America, the term biscuit refers to baking powder biscuits or buttermilk biscuits, which are savory quick breads made with flour, shortening, milk, salt, baking powder, and occasionally baking soda. High levels of shortening in the formula produce a tender and flaky texture. They are similar to British scones but are prepared with a leaner formula, which does not contain egg and sugar. In the United Kingdom and most English-speaking countries outside of North America, the term biscuit refers to small, chemically leavened, cake-like products, which have high sugar, high shortening, and low moisture contents. These products are called cookies in the United States and Canada. In this text, biscuits are the type found in the United Kingdom that is synonymous with cookies.
Biscuits and Cookies
In general, biscuits and cookies are small, flat, cereal-based, baked products containing shortening, sugar, and chemical leavening. While soft wheat is the most common, other cereal grains such as oats, rye, corn, and barley are sometimes utilized. Most biscuits and cookies have a low moisture content of less than 5%. They vary widely in size, shape, formulation, preparation method, and flavor. The texture varies from crisp and hard to soft and chewy. Some undergo secondary processing to create sandwiched, iced, coated, filled, and multiple other types of final products. Biscuits and cookies have a relatively low risk of microbial spoilage due to the high shortening, high sugar, and low water contents. They also do not stale like bread and other higher-moisture baked products. The most common cause of loss of eating quality is due to moisture migration. Moisture uptake by crisp, hard products causes them to become undesirably soft and soggy, while moisture loss from soft, chewy products renders them dry and hard.
Biscuits and cookies are often broadly characterized based on their dough properties and then further distinguished by the technique used to shape and place the dough onto the oven band for baking (Figure 1). The two broad categories of biscuit and cookie doughs are hard doughs or short doughs. Wafers are a third category. Although wafers are not technically biscuits or cookies, they are often included in the category because they are manufactured by biscuit and cookie manufacturers.
Types of biscuits and cookies.
Figure 1.
Types of biscuits and cookies.
Figure options
Hard Dough
Hard doughs contain higher water, lower shortening, and lower sugar than short doughs. The most common mixing method is a single-stage mix in which all of the ingredients are mixed together in one step. The gluten is developed during mixing in hard doughs. The formulation and developed gluten network result in a tight, stiff dough that can be sheeted and then cut or stamped into shapes.
One problem with hard doughs is that if the gluten is too strong and elastic, the dough has a tendency to tear during sheeting and the cut pieces shrink back and distort prior to entering the oven. In order to manufacture hard dough biscuits and cookies on a continuous production line, some formulas contain sodium metabisulfite or sodium sulfite. These are reducing agents that break some of the disulfide bonds in the gluten. As a result, mixing time is shortened, resting time between mixing and sheeting is eliminated, and the dough becomes less extensible so it does not tear or shrink back after cutting. Hard dough biscuits and cookies do not spread (become larger in diameter) during baking. However, they do rise in the oven then shrink or collapse during cooling to produce a thicker final product.
Short Dough
The most common type of biscuits and cookies found around the world is made from short doughs. Short dough biscuits and cookies are also the most diverse, varying greatly in ingredients, size, shape, and flavor. Short doughs are typically made usi
AbstractBiscuits and cookies are small, sweetened, cereal-based, baked products. They are broadly characterized by dough properties and then further classified by the process used to form and place them on the oven band. The three broad categories are hard doughs, short doughs, and wafers. Short doughs are further classified as deposited, rotary mold, cutting machine, or extruded. Rotary cut and stamped are subdivisions of the cutting machine process, while wire cut and bar-press (rout-press) are subdivisions of the extruded process. Crackers are small, savory or salty, cereal-based, baked products. Types include saltine (soda), cream, and snack crackers.KeywordsBar-press; Biscuits; Cookies; Crackers; Cream crackers; Cutting machine; Deposit cookies; Hard dough; Rotary cut; Rotary mold; Saltine crackers; Sheeted; Short dough; Snack crackers; Wafers; Wire cutIntroductionThere are hundreds of varieties of biscuits, cookies, and crackers found across the globe. Diverse terminology in different parts of the world causes some confusion regarding the distinction between biscuits and cookies. In North America, the term biscuit refers to baking powder biscuits or buttermilk biscuits, which are savory quick breads made with flour, shortening, milk, salt, baking powder, and occasionally baking soda. High levels of shortening in the formula produce a tender and flaky texture. They are similar to British scones but are prepared with a leaner formula, which does not contain egg and sugar. In the United Kingdom and most English-speaking countries outside of North America, the term biscuit refers to small, chemically leavened, cake-like products, which have high sugar, high shortening, and low moisture contents. These products are called cookies in the United States and Canada. In this text, biscuits are the type found in the United Kingdom that is synonymous with cookies.Biscuits and CookiesIn general, biscuits and cookies are small, flat, cereal-based, baked products containing shortening, sugar, and chemical leavening. While soft wheat is the most common, other cereal grains such as oats, rye, corn, and barley are sometimes utilized. Most biscuits and cookies have a low moisture content of less than 5%. They vary widely in size, shape, formulation, preparation method, and flavor. The texture varies from crisp and hard to soft and chewy. Some undergo secondary processing to create sandwiched, iced, coated, filled, and multiple other types of final products. Biscuits and cookies have a relatively low risk of microbial spoilage due to the high shortening, high sugar, and low water contents. They also do not stale like bread and other higher-moisture baked products. The most common cause of loss of eating quality is due to moisture migration. Moisture uptake by crisp, hard products causes them to become undesirably soft and soggy, while moisture loss from soft, chewy products renders them dry and hard.Biscuits and cookies are often broadly characterized based on their dough properties and then further distinguished by the technique used to shape and place the dough onto the oven band for baking (Figure 1). The two broad categories of biscuit and cookie doughs are hard doughs or short doughs. Wafers are a third category. Although wafers are not technically biscuits or cookies, they are often included in the category because they are manufactured by biscuit and cookie manufacturers.Types of biscuits and cookies.Figure 1. Types of biscuits and cookies.Figure optionsHard DoughHard doughs contain higher water, lower shortening, and lower sugar than short doughs. The most common mixing method is a single-stage mix in which all of the ingredients are mixed together in one step. The gluten is developed during mixing in hard doughs. The formulation and developed gluten network result in a tight, stiff dough that can be sheeted and then cut or stamped into shapes.One problem with hard doughs is that if the gluten is too strong and elastic, the dough has a tendency to tear during sheeting and the cut pieces shrink back and distort prior to entering the oven. In order to manufacture hard dough biscuits and cookies on a continuous production line, some formulas contain sodium metabisulfite or sodium sulfite. These are reducing agents that break some of the disulfide bonds in the gluten. As a result, mixing time is shortened, resting time between mixing and sheeting is eliminated, and the dough becomes less extensible so it does not tear or shrink back after cutting. Hard dough biscuits and cookies do not spread (become larger in diameter) during baking. However, they do rise in the oven then shrink or collapse during cooling to produce a thicker final product.Short DoughThe most common type of biscuits and cookies found around the world is made from short doughs. Short dough biscuits and cookies are also the most diverse, varying greatly in ingredients, size, shape, and flavor. Short doughs are typically made usi
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