When the adoption phase of the policy process has been completed and, for instance, a bill has been enacted into law by a legislature, we can begin to refer to something called public policy. Policymaking is not concluded, however, once a policy decision has been expressed in statutory or other official form. The policies that are embodied in statutes, for example, often are rudimentary and require much additional development. Thus, the Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination against the 43 million Americans with disabilities, has required extensive rule-making to spell out its requirements by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the
Department of Transportation, the Department of Education, the Federal Communications Commission, and other agencies. Subsequently, they produced hundreds of pages of detailed rules in the Federal Register With this qualification in mind, we turn to the policy implementation stage
Of the policy process. Implementation (or administration) has been referred to as “what happens after a bill becomes law." More precisely, implementation encompasses whatever is done to carry a law into effect, to apply it to the target population (for example, small businesses or motorcycle operators), and to achieve its goals. The study of policy implementation is concerned with the agencies and officials involved, the procedures they follow, the techniques (or tools) they employ, and the political support and opposition that they encounter In so doing, it focuses attention on the day-to-day operation of
government.
When the adoption phase of the policy process has been completed and, for instance, a bill has been enacted into law by a legislature, we can begin to refer to something called public policy. Policymaking is not concluded, however, once a policy decision has been expressed in statutory or other official form. The policies that are embodied in statutes, for example, often are rudimentary and require much additional development. Thus, the Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination against the 43 million Americans with disabilities, has required extensive rule-making to spell out its requirements by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, theDepartment of Transportation, the Department of Education, the Federal Communications Commission, and other agencies. Subsequently, they produced hundreds of pages of detailed rules in the Federal Register With this qualification in mind, we turn to the policy implementation stageOf the policy process. Implementation (or administration) has been referred to as “what happens after a bill becomes law." More precisely, implementation encompasses whatever is done to carry a law into effect, to apply it to the target population (for example, small businesses or motorcycle operators), and to achieve its goals. The study of policy implementation is concerned with the agencies and officials involved, the procedures they follow, the techniques (or tools) they employ, and the political support and opposition that they encounter In so doing, it focuses attention on the day-to-day operation ofgovernment.
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