Many different biomaterials, both natural and synthetic, both biodegradable and permanent, have been investigated as scaffolds and drug delivery systems for health care and tissue engineering applications, including bioceramics, biocompatible pristine and composite polymers and hydrogels. Among them, the use of bio-based polymers (biopolymers) derived from renewable resources is emphasized. Depending on their nature and route of fabrication, these polymers can be classified into three main groups [1] and [2]: (i) naturally derived, such as proteins and polysaccharides; (ii) synthetic, obtained by the polymerization of bio-based monomers, mainly polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate and polyethylene; and (iii) microbially fermented, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates. The worldwide interest in biopolymers has increased progressively in the past years, as these materials can help to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels for plastics applications. Their use also has a positive environmental impact in terms of decreasing carbon dioxide emissions and reducing waste generation. Hence, many applications seek the use of biopolymers for their sustainability, eco-efficiency, industrial ecology, and renewable nature. In the last decades, these materials have also been used in tissue engineering (TE) and health care, as scaffolds and biopolymer supports for diagnosis and drug delivery [3], [4] and [5]. As shown in Fig. 1, a search of the ISI (Web of Science©) database using the words “biopolymer” and “tissue engineering” identified a total of more than 400 articles currently available on the subject, with approximately 90% of them published in the last decade, demonstrating the increasing interest of the biopolymers in this biomedical field. Indeed, biopolymers intrinsically exhibit important properties, such as antibacterial activity, biodegradability and biocompatibility [6]. Furthermore, naturally derived polymers have a chemical structure and composition similar to the macromolecules of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). As a direct consequence, the use of these materials in living systems would reduce the stimulation of chronic inflammation or immunological reactions and toxicity, often occurring when a man-made synthetic polymeric device is implanted into a host [3] and [7]. Additionally, biopolymers can be chemically modified to better meet the degradation rate and the mechanical and electrical properties required for each specific application [8], [9] and [10].