The interviews at all six firms provided evidence that confrontation strategies appear to rely on interactive strategic planning and control systems (Simons, 1990). Interactive planning and control systems involve regular, frequent, face-to-face employee meetings, the central purpose of which is to monitor changes in the internal and external environment and proactively manage the organization’s ability to cope with this changing environment. The ultimate goal of interactivestrategic planning and control systems is to ensure that the organization’s strategy and the tactics it employs remain competitive and sustainable