public administrationPublic adminis

public administration
Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice;
As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope”
Its fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that government can function
Definitions The management of public programs for civil well-being
Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy
The field is interdisciplinary in character; one of the various proposals for public administration's sub-fields sets out 4 pillars, including
public policy human resources organizational theory budgeting
approaches to the study of public administration iii
Human resource management is an in-house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, etc.
Organizational Theory in Public Administration is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them.
approaches to the study of public administration iv
Public Policy serves as an empirical approach to mobilize public demands through government actions and results by using policy as a tool.
Public budgeting and Financing is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands.
More
Public administration is a field of study of political science and administrative science.
from the academic perspective
Focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management includes
development and principles of public administration management of public policy
executive-legislative relations public budgetary processes and financial management
administrative law public personnel management professional ethics research methods.

history: antiquity to the 19th century
Lorenz von Stein, an 1855 German professor from Vienna, is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world.
In the time of Von Stein, public administration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept too restrictive.
Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many pre-established disciplines such as
Sociology political science administrative law public finance
Von Stein called public administration an integrated science
He stated that public administration should be concerned with both theory and practice.
He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method.
In the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration.
He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled "The Study of Administration."
The object of administrative study to discover
what government can properly and successfully do?
how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency?
Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration than Von Stein, primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated 4 concepts:
Separation of politics and administration;
Comparative analysis of political and private organizations;
Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations;
Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants, merit-based assessment
By the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and thus textbooks in this field were introduced.
A few distinguished scholars of that period were, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, and others.
Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a book entitled ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’ (1911).
US in the 1940s
The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today.
However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s.
Luther Gulick's fact-value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson's proposed politics-administration dichotomy.
In place of Wilson's first generation split, Gulick advocated a seamless web of discretion and
interaction.
post–world war II to the 1970s
In the 1960s and 1970s, government itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort.
The costly American intervention in Vietnam along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters (the 1974 Watergate scandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behavior
There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy.
Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective.
After World War II, the whole concept of public administration expanded to include policy-making and analysis
Later on, the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of Public Administration.
1980s–1990s
In the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last.
The new theory, which came to be called New Public Management, was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government.
The new model advocated the use of private sector-style models to improve the efficiency and service-orientation of the public sector.
During the Clinton Administration (1993–2001), Vice President Al Gore adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches.
In the 1990s, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the UK and worldwide.
Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of
splitting large bureaucracies into smaller
more fragmented agencies
encouraging competition between different public agencies
encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms
using economic incentives lines e.g., performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models.
NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as “citizens”.
Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as "customers" rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model
Because businesses see customers are a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of government (the owners), opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons).
In New Public Management, people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants.
Nevertheless, the model is still widely accepted at all levels of government and in many OECD nations.
late 1990s–2000
In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM.
A successor to NPM is digital era governance, focusing on themes of digitalization about
reintegrating government responsibilities
needs-based holism
digitalization (exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).
Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance, an approach which includes management by pluralism, processes and outcome oriented, inter-dependent agencies, Neo Corporatist

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

บริหารราชการราชการเป็นวิชาการและเขตปฏิบัติ เป็น "เขตข้อมูลของคำถามที่มีขอบเขตที่หลากหลาย"เป้าหมายพื้นฐานคือการ เลื่อนการจัดการและนโยบายเพื่อให้รัฐบาลสามารถทำงานข้อกำหนดของโปรแกรมสาธารณะสำหรับพลเรือนทฤษฎีของเวเบอร์สูงสุดของข้าราชการฟิลด์นี้จะอาศัยในอักขระ หนึ่งในข้อเสนอต่าง ๆ สำหรับเขตข้อมูลย่อยของราชการกำหนด 4 เสา รวมทั้ง งบประมาณองค์กรทฤษฎีทรัพยากรบุคคลนโยบายสาธารณะแนวทางการศึกษาของราชการ iiiการจัดการทรัพยากรมนุษย์จะมีโครงสร้างภายในที่ว่า พนักงานราชการจะทำในลักษณะที่คน ด้านจริยธรรม และ ตามค่า ฟังก์ชันพื้นฐานของระบบ HR มีสวัสดิการพนักงาน ดูแลสุขภาพพนักงาน ค่าตอบแทน ฯลฯทฤษฎีองค์กรในการบริหารราชการเป็นการศึกษาโครงสร้างของหน่วยงานของรัฐ และจากหลาย inculcated ได้แนวทางการศึกษาของราชการ ivนโยบายสาธารณะทำหน้าที่เป็นวิธีการรวมระดมความต้องการสาธารณะของรัฐบาลการดำเนินการและผลลัพธ์ โดยใช้นโยบายเป็นเครื่องมือจัดทำงบประมาณสาธารณะและ Financing เป็นกิจกรรมภายในรัฐบาลที่จัดสรรทรัพยากรขาดแคลนระหว่างความต้องการไม่จำกัดเพิ่มเติมราชการเป็นสาขาวิชารัฐศาสตร์และบริหารศาสตร์from the academic perspectiveFocuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management includes development and principles of public administration management of public policyexecutive-legislative relations public budgetary processes and financial managementadministrative law public personnel management professional ethics research methods. history: antiquity to the 19th centuryLorenz von Stein, an 1855 German professor from Vienna, is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world. In the time of Von Stein, public administration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept too restrictive. Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many pre-established disciplines such as Sociology political science administrative law public financeVon Stein called public administration an integrated scienceHe stated that public administration should be concerned with both theory and practice. He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method.In the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration. He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled "The Study of Administration." The object of administrative study to discoverwhat government can properly and successfully do?how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency?Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration than Von Stein, primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated 4 concepts:Separation of politics and administration;Comparative analysis of political and private organizations;Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations;Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants, merit-based assessmentBy the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and thus textbooks in this field were introduced. A few distinguished scholars of that period were, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, and others. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a book entitled ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’ (1911).US in the 1940sThe separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today. However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s. Luther Gulick's fact-value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson's proposed politics-administration dichotomy. In place of Wilson's first generation split, Gulick advocated a seamless web of discretion and interaction. post–world war II to the 1970sIn the 1960s and 1970s, government itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. The costly American intervention in Vietnam along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters (the 1974 Watergate scandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behaviorThere was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy.Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective. After World War II, the whole concept of public administration expanded to include policy-making and analysisLater on, the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of Public Administration.1980s–1990sIn the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last.The new theory, which came to be called New Public Management, was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government. The new model advocated the use of private sector-style models to improve the efficiency and service-orientation of the public sector.During the Clinton Administration (1993–2001), Vice President Al Gore adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches. In the 1990s, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the UK and worldwide.Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smallermore fragmented agenciesencouraging competition between different public agencies encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms using economic incentives lines e.g., performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models.NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as “citizens”. Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as "customers" rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector modelBecause businesses see customers are a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of government (the owners), opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons).In New Public Management, people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants. Nevertheless, the model is still widely accepted at all levels of government and in many OECD nations.late 1990s–2000In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM. A successor to NPM is digital era governance, focusing on themes of digitalization aboutreintegrating government responsibilitiesneeds-based holismdigitalization (exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance, an approach which includes management by pluralism, processes and outcome oriented, inter-dependent agencies, Neo Corporatist