Of the eight universal techniques of problem structuring discussed by Dunn (2008, 95-115), six that can help analysts avoid sending "grapeshot" to their superiors will be examined here. Like other policy analytic procedures, they tend to yield results that are plausible but uncertain. Policy analysts will select from them based typically on the amount of time available for reaching a solution and the analytic capacity for problem definition. These techniques will be useful as the basis for our next step in the process, forecasting policy options (see chapter 4). Let us now review these methods and see how they can be applied to our case in this chapter.