An important effect of specialization is that different choices of material may need to be made when teaching applications of software engineering, such as between different process models, different approaches to modeling systems, or different choices of techniques for carrying out any of the key activities. This is reflected in the assignment of core and elective material, with the core topics and learning outcomes focusing on the principles underlying the various choices, and the details of the various alternatives from which the choices have to be made being assigned to the elective material.