8. Word stress – Part 1: The degrees of stress
Before you study this chapter, check whether you are familiar with the
following terms: ambisyllabic, aspirated, CiV, closed syllable, derivation,
diacritic, foot, free variation, full vowel, function word, IPA, major stress,
monomorphemic, morpheme, morphology, productive suffix, pulmonic,
reduced vowel, syllabic consonant, syllable peak, tapping/flapping,
Trisyllabic Laxness, utterance, vocal cords
As it was already mentioned in Chapter 7, stress is one of the
suprasegmental (or prosodic) features of speech, which extend over more
than one sound segment. They include variations in pitch, loudness, tempo
and rhythm, out of which pitch and loudness play the most significant role in
the stress system of English.
Pitch roughly corresponds to the acoustic feature of frequency, the
rate of vibration of the vocal cords, which is produced by their stretching and
tensing: the tenser they are, the higher the rate of vibration, and the higher the
pitch. The distinctive use of patterns of pitch is called intonation, whose
most important function is to signal grammatical structure (e.g., clause
boundaries within sentences, and the different sentence types, especially
questions vs. statements), similarly to punctuation in writing. In Hungarian,
for example, intonation plays a pivotal role in the distinction between
segmentally identical statements and yes-no questions like Jani elment
'Johnny has left' vs. Jani elment? 'Has Johnny left?'. Chapter 10 is devoted to
intonation in English.
Certain languages, but neither English nor Hungarian, use pitch to
contrast not sentences but words, thus pitch becomes an essential feature ofWord stress – Part 1
the meaning of morphemes. This phenomenon is called tone, and such
languages are called tone languages. Many of the languages of South-East
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, e.g., Beijing Mandarin Chinese and Thai in
Asia or Hausa in Africa, belong here.
Besides pitch, loudness is the other major ingredient of stress
prominence in English. The loudness of (strings of) speech sounds depends
on the size of the vibrations of the vocal cords caused by the varying degrees
of pulmonic air pressure. Together with pitch level and vowel quality,
loudness produces the relative prominence of syllables called stress. It is of
crucial importance to understand that stress is not an absolute feature of
syllables but rather it is relative, only relevant in comparison of several
syllables. It is possible to say that a syllable is stressed, but this always means
that it is more stressed (=stronger, more prominent) than the adjacent
syllable(s). Due to the fact that stress is an extremely complex phenomenon
(governed by a number of different factors) and the fact that it is relative,
there exist several degrees of stress, out of which four are linguistically
relevant in English. In fact, these various degrees come into being owing to
the unequal role played by pitch, rhythmic prominence (already mentioned in
Chapter 7), and the full or reduced quality of the syllable peak.
Recall from the previous chapter that all non-function words in
English contain at least one syllable that constitutes a rhythmic beat (called
major stress) – at the same time, function words are normally unstressed.
The primary source of this rhythmic prominence of major stress is the
loudness of the syllable, but the difference in pitch level causes a difference
between two types of major stresses. In suprasegmental or syllabification, for
example, there are two rhythmic beats (underlined), but one of them, namely
the second one, is more prominent owing to its highest pitch in the word. In
addition, only this syllable can carry the main stress of an utterance, e.g., Are
109Chapter 8
these features suprasegmental? or This is the correct syllabification (cf. the
discussion of phrasal stress in Chapter 7). It is traditionally called primary
stress or main stress, for obvious reasons, while the other type of major
stress is usually referred to as secondary stress. Secondary stress is optional,
basically it only appears in longer English words under very specific
circumstances (see below in more detail). For example, the first syllable of
the word suprasegmental and the second syllable of syllabification are
secondary stressed. Another basic difference between primary and secondary
stress is that while the former can only appear once in a word (this is logical,
since it is, by definition, the most prominent syllable), there may be several
occurrences of secondary stress, depending on the length of the word. For
instance, the word contamination contains one such syllable (underlined),
whereas decontamination already contains two.1
Syllables without rhythmic prominence also fall into two subtypes. In
most such cases, the whole syllable becomes weak and reduced, which means
that, on the one hand, the vowel is not full but one of / / – most
frequently, schwa. It is in these cases that Syllabic Consonant Formation
(discussed in Chapter 5) is possible. On the other hand, the consonants
surrounding this weak peak also become unstable, especially the consonant
preceding it. So much so that /h/, for example, systematically disappears
altogether (recall the examples vehicle // and shepherd // of
Chapter 7, but vehement //, annihilate //, Buddha //,
Birmingham //, etc. are analogous), and even if a consonant
remains pronounced in such a position, its syllabic status is vague, that is, the
consonant is ambisyllabic (cf. Chapter 2), with all the consequences of this.
1 Based on the observation that out of two (or more) successive secondary-stressed syllables
the first one is always slightly stronger than the other(s), some authors apply the term
"secondary stress" to that one only and refer to the others as "tertiary-stressed".
110Word stress – Part 1
Such syllables are zero-stressed or completely unstressed. However, some
otherwise weak syllables contain an unreduced vowel, that is, under certain
(not exactly straightforward) circumstances the expected vowel reduction
fails to take place, as in the first syllable of activity //. This fullvowelled,
rhythmically or pitch-wise non-prominent stress is called tertiary
stress in this book. An alternative name is minor stress (as opposed to major
stress). Although such syllables are not prominent as far as suprasegmental
features go, still they are stronger than completely unstressed syllables in the
sense that they are characterized by neither vowel reduction nor consonant
weakening, the two elementary features of zero stress mentioned above.
Compare the final syllable of Abraham // and Graham // –
in the former the vowel is full and the /h/ is pronounced (this is what we call
tertiary stress), whereas in the latter the vowel is a schwa and the /h/ is
dropped (this is what we call zero stress). Compare the underlined /t/ in
hesitate, which is strong and therefore aspirated, with that of activity or
better, which is not – rather, it is tapped in the tapping dialects of English (as
an indication of its ambisyllabicity), yielding [
] and [ ()].
The four degrees of word stress are summarized in the following
chart. As the shaded areas show, the basic difference between unstressed and
stressed syllables lies in the presence vs. absence of vowel reduction,
respectively, while the major stress – minor stress distinction is based on
loudness (rhythmic prominence).
111Chapter 8
Stress
category
MAJOR MINOR UNSTRESSED
Stress degree primary secondary tertiary zero
Prominence full vowel full vowel full vowel --
loudness loudness
highest pitch
Examples suprasegmental
syllabification
annihilate
hesitate
Japan
suprasegmental
syllabification
hesitation
grammaticality
Japanese
suprasegmental
syllabify
annihilate
hesitate
activity
suprasegmental
syllabification
annihilate
grammaticality
Japan
There are three equivalent stress-marking conventions in phonology: the
use of numbers, diacritics, and IPA stress marks. In this book, we only use
their most widely accepted forms, which are shown in the table below. In the
IPA, the upper mark / / is used for primary stress, and the lower mark / / for
secondary stress. Sometimes the segments are not transcribed but rather the
spelt form of the word is supplemented by diacritics on top of the stressed
vowel letters: the acute accent (e.g., ó) signals primary stress, and the grave
accent (e.g., ò) secondary stress. Finally, the stress degrees of the syllables in
a word can be referred to with numbers, 1 standing for primary, 2 for
secondary, 3 for tertiary, and 0 for zero.
Stress
category
MAJOR MINOR UNSTRESSED
Stress degree primary secondary tertiary zero
Numbers 1 2 3 0
Diacritics acute accent grave accent - -
IPA stress
marks
upper mark lower mark - -
112Word stress – Part 1
Accordingly, the stress pattern of suprasegmental can be indicated with
numbers as 20310, with accents as sùprasegméntal, or, accompanying an IPA
transcription, as //.
On the basis of the examples above, the careful reader must have
already noticed some of the general properties of English word stress. First,
no major stress occurs after the primary stressed syllable (i.e., secondary
stress always precedes primary stress). It follows that primary stress is always
the rightmost major stress, i.e., the last rhythmic beat is the strongest. This
prominence of the right edge is usually explained by the directionality of
primary stress placement: it is supposed to proceed from right to left, docking
onto the first potential site available (see the next chapter).
Second, there are no English words starting with two successive zeroor
tertiary stressed syllables – one of the first two syllables of a word must be
rhythmically prominent (i.e., pri
8. Word stress – Part 1: The degrees of stress
Before you study this chapter, check whether you are familiar with the
following terms: ambisyllabic, aspirated, CiV, closed syllable, derivation,
diacritic, foot, free variation, full vowel, function word, IPA, major stress,
monomorphemic, morpheme, morphology, productive suffix, pulmonic,
reduced vowel, syllabic consonant, syllable peak, tapping/flapping,
Trisyllabic Laxness, utterance, vocal cords
As it was already mentioned in Chapter 7, stress is one of the
suprasegmental (or prosodic) features of speech, which extend over more
than one sound segment. They include variations in pitch, loudness, tempo
and rhythm, out of which pitch and loudness play the most significant role in
the stress system of English.
Pitch roughly corresponds to the acoustic feature of frequency, the
rate of vibration of the vocal cords, which is produced by their stretching and
tensing: the tenser they are, the higher the rate of vibration, and the higher the
pitch. The distinctive use of patterns of pitch is called intonation, whose
most important function is to signal grammatical structure (e.g., clause
boundaries within sentences, and the different sentence types, especially
questions vs. statements), similarly to punctuation in writing. In Hungarian,
for example, intonation plays a pivotal role in the distinction between
segmentally identical statements and yes-no questions like Jani elment
'Johnny has left' vs. Jani elment? 'Has Johnny left?'. Chapter 10 is devoted to
intonation in English.
Certain languages, but neither English nor Hungarian, use pitch to
contrast not sentences but words, thus pitch becomes an essential feature ofWord stress – Part 1
the meaning of morphemes. This phenomenon is called tone, and such
languages are called tone languages. Many of the languages of South-East
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, e.g., Beijing Mandarin Chinese and Thai in
Asia or Hausa in Africa, belong here.
Besides pitch, loudness is the other major ingredient of stress
prominence in English. The loudness of (strings of) speech sounds depends
on the size of the vibrations of the vocal cords caused by the varying degrees
of pulmonic air pressure. Together with pitch level and vowel quality,
loudness produces the relative prominence of syllables called stress. It is of
crucial importance to understand that stress is not an absolute feature of
syllables but rather it is relative, only relevant in comparison of several
syllables. It is possible to say that a syllable is stressed, but this always means
that it is more stressed (=stronger, more prominent) than the adjacent
syllable(s). Due to the fact that stress is an extremely complex phenomenon
(governed by a number of different factors) and the fact that it is relative,
there exist several degrees of stress, out of which four are linguistically
relevant in English. In fact, these various degrees come into being owing to
the unequal role played by pitch, rhythmic prominence (already mentioned in
Chapter 7), and the full or reduced quality of the syllable peak.
Recall from the previous chapter that all non-function words in
English contain at least one syllable that constitutes a rhythmic beat (called
major stress) – at the same time, function words are normally unstressed.
The primary source of this rhythmic prominence of major stress is the
loudness of the syllable, but the difference in pitch level causes a difference
between two types of major stresses. In suprasegmental or syllabification, for
example, there are two rhythmic beats (underlined), but one of them, namely
the second one, is more prominent owing to its highest pitch in the word. In
addition, only this syllable can carry the main stress of an utterance, e.g., Are
109Chapter 8
these features suprasegmental? or This is the correct syllabification (cf. the
discussion of phrasal stress in Chapter 7). It is traditionally called primary
stress or main stress, for obvious reasons, while the other type of major
stress is usually referred to as secondary stress. Secondary stress is optional,
basically it only appears in longer English words under very specific
circumstances (see below in more detail). For example, the first syllable of
the word suprasegmental and the second syllable of syllabification are
secondary stressed. Another basic difference between primary and secondary
stress is that while the former can only appear once in a word (this is logical,
since it is, by definition, the most prominent syllable), there may be several
occurrences of secondary stress, depending on the length of the word. For
instance, the word contamination contains one such syllable (underlined),
whereas decontamination already contains two.1
Syllables without rhythmic prominence also fall into two subtypes. In
most such cases, the whole syllable becomes weak and reduced, which means
that, on the one hand, the vowel is not full but one of / / – most
frequently, schwa. It is in these cases that Syllabic Consonant Formation
(discussed in Chapter 5) is possible. On the other hand, the consonants
surrounding this weak peak also become unstable, especially the consonant
preceding it. So much so that /h/, for example, systematically disappears
altogether (recall the examples vehicle // and shepherd // of
Chapter 7, but vehement //, annihilate //, Buddha //,
Birmingham //, etc. are analogous), and even if a consonant
remains pronounced in such a position, its syllabic status is vague, that is, the
consonant is ambisyllabic (cf. Chapter 2), with all the consequences of this.
1 Based on the observation that out of two (or more) successive secondary-stressed syllables
the first one is always slightly stronger than the other(s), some authors apply the term
"secondary stress" to that one only and refer to the others as "tertiary-stressed".
110Word stress – Part 1
Such syllables are zero-stressed or completely unstressed. However, some
otherwise weak syllables contain an unreduced vowel, that is, under certain
(not exactly straightforward) circumstances the expected vowel reduction
fails to take place, as in the first syllable of activity //. This fullvowelled,
rhythmically or pitch-wise non-prominent stress is called tertiary
stress in this book. An alternative name is minor stress (as opposed to major
stress). Although such syllables are not prominent as far as suprasegmental
features go, still they are stronger than completely unstressed syllables in the
sense that they are characterized by neither vowel reduction nor consonant
weakening, the two elementary features of zero stress mentioned above.
Compare the final syllable of Abraham // and Graham // –
in the former the vowel is full and the /h/ is pronounced (this is what we call
tertiary stress), whereas in the latter the vowel is a schwa and the /h/ is
dropped (this is what we call zero stress). Compare the underlined /t/ in
hesitate, which is strong and therefore aspirated, with that of activity or
better, which is not – rather, it is tapped in the tapping dialects of English (as
an indication of its ambisyllabicity), yielding [
] and [ ()].
The four degrees of word stress are summarized in the following
chart. As the shaded areas show, the basic difference between unstressed and
stressed syllables lies in the presence vs. absence of vowel reduction,
respectively, while the major stress – minor stress distinction is based on
loudness (rhythmic prominence).
111Chapter 8
Stress
category
MAJOR MINOR UNSTRESSED
Stress degree primary secondary tertiary zero
Prominence full vowel full vowel full vowel --
loudness loudness
highest pitch
Examples suprasegmental
syllabification
annihilate
hesitate
Japan
suprasegmental
syllabification
hesitation
grammaticality
Japanese
suprasegmental
syllabify
annihilate
hesitate
activity
suprasegmental
syllabification
annihilate
grammaticality
Japan
There are three equivalent stress-marking conventions in phonology: the
use of numbers, diacritics, and IPA stress marks. In this book, we only use
their most widely accepted forms, which are shown in the table below. In the
IPA, the upper mark / / is used for primary stress, and the lower mark / / for
secondary stress. Sometimes the segments are not transcribed but rather the
spelt form of the word is supplemented by diacritics on top of the stressed
vowel letters: the acute accent (e.g., ó) signals primary stress, and the grave
accent (e.g., ò) secondary stress. Finally, the stress degrees of the syllables in
a word can be referred to with numbers, 1 standing for primary, 2 for
secondary, 3 for tertiary, and 0 for zero.
Stress
category
MAJOR MINOR UNSTRESSED
Stress degree primary secondary tertiary zero
Numbers 1 2 3 0
Diacritics acute accent grave accent - -
IPA stress
marks
upper mark lower mark - -
112Word stress – Part 1
Accordingly, the stress pattern of suprasegmental can be indicated with
numbers as 20310, with accents as sùprasegméntal, or, accompanying an IPA
transcription, as //.
On the basis of the examples above, the careful reader must have
already noticed some of the general properties of English word stress. First,
no major stress occurs after the primary stressed syllable (i.e., secondary
stress always precedes primary stress). It follows that primary stress is always
the rightmost major stress, i.e., the last rhythmic beat is the strongest. This
prominence of the right edge is usually explained by the directionality of
primary stress placement: it is supposed to proceed from right to left, docking
onto the first potential site available (see the next chapter).
Second, there are no English words starting with two successive zeroor
tertiary stressed syllables – one of the first two syllables of a word must be
rhythmically prominent (i.e., pri
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
8 . คำ–ความเครียดส่วน 1 : องศาของความเครียด
ก่อนที่จะเรียนบทนี้ ตรวจสอบว่า คุณมีความคุ้นเคยกับเงื่อนไขต่อไปนี้ :
ambisyllabic aspirated Cite web , ปิด , , พยางค์ , รากศัพท์
เครื่องหมายเสริมสัทอักษร , เท้า , ฟรีกระจายเต็มสระ , ฟังก์ชั่น Word , IPA , เมเจอร์ ความเครียด ,
monomorphemic หน่วยคำ , สัณฐานวิทยา ประสิทธิผล ต่อท้าย pulmonic
, , ลดเสียงสระ พยัญชนะพยางค์พยางค์ , ยอดเขา , tapping/flapping,
Trisyllabic Laxness, utterance, vocal cords
As it was already mentioned in Chapter 7, stress is one of the
suprasegmental (or prosodic) features of speech, which extend over more
than one sound segment. They include variations in pitch, loudness, tempo
and rhythm, out of which pitch and loudness play the most significant role in
the stress system of English.
ระยะห่างประมาณสอดคล้องกับคุณลักษณะทางความถี่ ,
อัตราการสั่นสะเทือนของเส้นเสียง ซึ่งผลิตโดยการยืดและ
tensing : tenser พวกเขา สูงกว่าอัตราการสั่นสะเทือน และสูงกว่า
สนาม การใช้งานที่โดดเด่นของรูปแบบเสียงเรียกทำนองเสียง ฟังก์ชันที่สำคัญที่สุดคือสัญญาณ
โครงสร้างไวยากรณ์ เช่น ครอสboundaries within sentences, and the different sentence types, especially
questions vs. statements), similarly to punctuation in writing. In Hungarian,
for example, intonation plays a pivotal role in the distinction between
segmentally identical statements and yes-no questions like Jani elment
'Johnny has left' vs. Jani elment? ' Has Johnny left?' . Chapter 10 is devoted to
intonation in English.
บางภาษา แต่ทั้งภาษาอังกฤษและภาษาไทย ใช้สนาม
แต่ความคมชัดไม่ได้ ประโยคคำพูด ดังนั้นสนามกลายเป็นจำเป็นคุณลักษณะ ofword –ความเครียดส่วน 1
ความหมายของเสียงสระ ปรากฏการณ์นี้เรียกว่าโทน , และเช่น
ภาษาเรียกว่าเสียงภาษา หลายภาษาเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้
เอเชียและย่อยซาฮาแอฟริกา เช่น ปักกิ่ง ภาษาจีนและภาษาไทยใน
Asia or Hausa in Africa, belong here.
Besides pitch, loudness is the other major ingredient of stress
prominence in English. The loudness of (strings of) speech sounds depends
on the size of the vibrations of the vocal cords caused by the varying degrees
of pulmonic air pressure. Together with pitch level and vowel quality,
loudness produces the relative prominence of syllables called stress. It is of
crucial importance to understand that stress is not an absolute feature of
syllables but rather it is relative, only relevant in comparison of several
syllables. It is possible to say that a syllable is stressed, but this always means
that it is more stressed (=stronger, more prominent) than the adjacent
syllable(s). Due to the fact that stress is an extremely complex phenomenon
(governed by a number of different factors) and the fact that it is relative,
there exist several degrees of stress, out of which four are linguistically
relevant in English. In fact, these various degrees come into being owing to
the unequal role played by pitch, rhythmic prominence (already mentioned in
Chapter 7), and the full or reduced quality of the syllable peak.
จำได้จากบทก่อนหน้านี้ว่า คำที่ไม่เป็นฟังก์ชันทั้งหมดใน
ภาษาอังกฤษมีอย่างน้อยหนึ่งพยางค์ ที่ถือเป็นจังหวะจังหวะ ( เรียกว่า
ความเครียดหลักและในเวลาเดียวกันคำหน้าที่โดยปกติจะเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเสียง .
แหล่งที่มาหลักของการโดดนี้เป็นจังหวะของความเครียดหลักคือ
ความดังของพยางค์ แต่ความแตกต่างใน ระดับระยะห่างสาเหตุความแตกต่าง
between two types of major stresses. In suprasegmental or syllabification, for
example, there are two rhythmic beats (underlined), but one of them, namely
the second one, is more prominent owing to its highest pitch in the word. In
addition, only this syllable can carry the main stress of an utterance, e.g., Are
109Chapter 8
these features suprasegmental? or This is the correct syllabification (cf. the
discussion of phrasal stress in Chapter 7). It is traditionally called primary
stress or main stress, for obvious reasons, while the other type of major
stress is usually referred to as secondary stress. Secondary stress is optional,
basically it only appears in longer English words under very specific
circumstances (see below in more detail). For example, the first syllable of
the word suprasegmental and the second syllable of syllabification are
secondary stressed. Another basic difference between primary and secondary
stress is that while the former can only appear once in a word (this is logical,
since it is, by definition, the most prominent syllable), there may be several
occurrences of secondary stress,ขึ้นอยู่กับความยาวของคำ สำหรับ
ตัวอย่าง , คำที่มีหนึ่งพยางค์ เช่น การปนเปื้อน ( ขีดเส้นใต้ )
ส่วนในประกอบด้วยสองพยางค์ 1
ไม่มีจังหวะโดดยังตกอยู่ในชนิดย่อยที่สอง . ใน
กรณีดังกล่าวส่วนใหญ่พยางค์ทั้งหมดกลายเป็นอ่อนแอและลดลง ซึ่งหมายความว่า
ที่บนมือข้างหนึ่งที่สระก็ไม่เต็ม แต่หนึ่ง / / –ที่สุด
บ่อยเสียงสระที่ไม่เน้นเสียงในภาษาอังกฤษ . มันเป็นในกรณีเหล่านี้ว่าพยางค์พยัญชนะก่อตัว
( ที่กล่าวถึงในบทที่ 5 ) เป็นไปได้ บนมืออื่น ๆ , พยัญชนะ
รอบยอดอ่อนนี้ยังกลายเป็นไม่มั่นคง โดยเฉพาะพยัญชนะ
ก่อนหน้านี้ก็ มากดังนั้น / H / ตัวอย่างเช่นมีระบบหายไป
ทั้งหมด ( จำตัวอย่างรถ / / และคนเลี้ยงแกะ / /
บทที่ 7 but vehement //, annihilate //, Buddha //,
Birmingham //, etc. are analogous), and even if a consonant
remains pronounced in such a position, its syllabic status is vague, that is, the
consonant is ambisyllabic (cf. Chapter 2), with all the consequences of this.
1 ขึ้นอยู่กับการสังเกตว่าสอง ( หรือมากกว่า ) ต่อเนื่องระดับพยางค์
แรกเสมอเล็กน้อยกว่าอื่น ๆ ( s ) , บาง ผู้เขียนใช้คำว่า
" รองเครียด " แล้วเท่านั้น และอ้างถึงคนอื่น ๆเป็น " ตติยเครียด "
110word ความเครียด–ส่วนหนึ่ง 1 เช่นศูนย์เน้นพยางค์หรือสมบูรณ์เปลี่ยนแปลงทางเสียง . แต่บาง
มิฉะนั้นอ่อนแอพยางค์มี unreduced สระ นั่นคือ ภายใต้หนึ่ง
( ไม่ใช่ตรงไปตรงมา ) สถานการณ์คาดว่าสระลด
ล้มเหลวในการใช้สถานที่ ในพยางค์แรกของกิจกรรม / / fullvowelled นี้
เป็นจังหวะหรือสนามปัญญาไม่เด่นความเครียดเรียกว่าความเครียดตติย
ในหนังสือเล่มนี้ ชื่ออื่นคือความเครียดเล็กน้อย ( เมื่อเทียบกับสาขา
stress). Although such syllables are not prominent as far as suprasegmental
features go, still they are stronger than completely unstressed syllables in the
sense that they are characterized by neither vowel reduction nor consonant
weakening, the two elementary features of zero stress mentioned above.
Compare the final syllable of Abraham // and Graham // –
in the former the vowel is full and the /h/ is pronounced (this is what we call
tertiary stress), whereas in the latter the vowel is a schwa and the /h/ is
dropped (this is what we call zero stress). Compare the underlined /t/ in
hesitate, which is strong and therefore aspirated, with that of activity or
better, which is not – rather, it is tapped in the tapping dialects of English (as
an indication of its ambisyllabicity), yielding [
] and [ ()].
The four degrees of word stress are summarized in the following
chart. As the shaded areas show, the basic difference between unstressed and
stressed syllables lies in the presence vs. absence of vowel reduction,
respectively, while the major stress – minor stress distinction is based on
ความดัง ( จังหวะโดด )
8
111chapter ความเครียดประเภทหลักเล็กน้อย ความเครียดระดับปฐมภูมิทุติยภูมิตติยภูมิเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเสียง
0
โดดเต็มสระเต็มสระเต็มสระ --
ตัวอย่างเสียงความดังความดังสูงสุดฉันทลักษณ์
syllabification ทำลายลังเล
syllabification ญี่ปุ่นฉันทลักษณ์ลังเล
syllabify ฉันทลักษณ์ grammaticality ญี่ปุ่น
กิจกรรมทำลายลังเลsuprasegmental
syllabification
annihilate
grammaticality
Japan
There are three equivalent stress-marking conventions in phonology: the
use of numbers, diacritics, and IPA stress marks. In this book, we only use
their most widely accepted forms, which are shown in the table below. In the
IPA, the upper mark / / is used for primary stress, and the lower mark / / for
secondary stress. Sometimes the segments are not transcribed but rather the
spelt form of the word is supplemented by diacritics on top of the stressed
vowel letters: the acute accent (e.g., ó) signals primary stress, and the grave
accent (e.g., ò) secondary stress. Finally, the stress degrees of the syllables in
a word can be referred to with numbers, 1 standing for primary, 2 for
secondary, 3 for tertiary,และ 0 สำหรับศูนย์
สาขาย่อยประเภทความเครียดความเครียดระดับปฐมภูมิทุติยภูมิตติยภูมิเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเสียง
0
ตัวเลข 1 2 3 0
อักขระอักขระเน้นเสียงสำเนียงเฉียบพลัน - -
บนเครื่องหมายเครื่องหมาย IPA ความเครียดลดลงเครื่องหมาย - -
112word ความเครียด–ส่วนหนึ่ง 1
ดังนั้นความเครียดรูปแบบฉันทลักษณ์ที่สามารถระบุได้ด้วย
เป็นตัวเลข 20310 เน้นเป็นù prasegm จากแนวราบ หรือประกอบเป็น IPA
บัณฑิตยสถาน as //.
On the basis of the examples above, the careful reader must have
already noticed some of the general properties of English word stress. First,
no major stress occurs after the primary stressed syllable (i.e., secondary
stress always precedes primary stress). It follows that primary stress is always
the rightmost major stress, i.e., the last rhythmic beat is the strongest. This
prominence of the right edge is usually explained by the directionality of
primary stress placement: it is supposed to proceed from right to left, docking
onto the first potential site available (see the next chapter).
Second, there are no English words starting with two successive zeroor
tertiary stressed syllables – one of the first two syllables of a word must be
rhythmically prominent (i.e., pri
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