Priming refers to the facilitative effect of performing one task on the subsequent performance of the same or similar tasks; whereas consolidation refers to the post-training period during which the hypothesized process of synaptic change occurs and transforms from a labile state into a more permanent one. Most of the studies investigating the Mozart effect used a procedure in which the same participants were exposed to the control and experimental conditions. These conditions were counterbalanced, and therefore music – beside its priming effect – could also have had an influence on the consolidation of memory. A second shortcoming of the studies investigating the Mozart effect was that their conclusions were mainly based on behavioral data and only few of them combined behavioral with physiological data.