by: August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798-1874)
Unity and right and freedom
For the German fatherland,
Let us all pursue this purpose,
Fraternally with heart and hand.
Unity and right and freedom
Are the pledge of happiness.
Flourish in this blessing's glory,
Flourish, German fatherland
Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.
The president, currently Christian Wulff, is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (President of the Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the Chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag.
The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in other parliamentary democracies. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections, by proportional representation (mixed-member). The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany with all chancellors hitherto being member of either party. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party (which has had members in the Bundestag since 1949) and the Alliance '90/The Greens (which has controlled seats in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.
Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.
Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system is aimed towards rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the general public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges (Schöffen) sit side by side with professional judges.
โดย: สิงหาคมไฮน์ริช Hoffmann ฟอน Fallersleben (1798-1874)ความสามัคคี และสิทธิ และเสรีภาพสำหรับเยอรมันบ้านเกิดเมืองนอนให้เราทั้งหมดไล่ตามวัตถุประสงค์นี้Fraternally กับหัวใจและมือความสามัคคี และสิทธิ และเสรีภาพความหมายของความสุขได้งอกงามในพระสิริของพระพรนี้อวด บ้านเกิดเมืองนอนที่เยอรมัน กลาง รัฐสภา ผู้แทนสาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยเยอรมนีได้ ระบบการเมืองเยอรมันทำงานภายใต้กรอบที่วางในเอกสารรัฐธรรมนูญ 1949 เรียกว่า Grundgesetz (พื้นฐานกฎหมาย) แก้ไขเพิ่มเติมโดยทั่วไปต้องส่วนใหญ่สองในสามของทั้งสองหอรัฐสภา หลักการพื้นฐานของรัฐธรรมนูญ แสดงในบทความที่รับประกันศักดิ์ศรีความเป็นมนุษย์ แบ่งแยกอำนาจ โครงสร้างของภาครัฐ และนิติธรรมถูกใน perpetuityประธาน ปัจจุบันคริสเตียน Wulff เป็นประมุขแห่งรัฐ และการลงทุนกับตัวแทนที่รับผิดชอบและอำนาจเป็นหลัก เขาถูกเลือก โดย Bundesversammlung (การประชุมสหพันธ์), สถาบันการศึกษาที่ประกอบด้วยสมาชิก Bundestag การและของรัฐผู้รับมอบสิทธิ์ ทางที่สองสูงสุดในฐานันดรเยอรมันคือ Bundestagspräsident (ประธาน Bundestag), ผู้รับผิดชอบดูแลรอบเวลาแต่ละวันของร่างกาย และได้รับเลือก โดย Bundestag สูงสุดสามทางและหัวหน้ารัฐบาลคือ ชานเซลเลอร์ ที่แต่งตั้ง โดย Bundespräsident หมายหลังจากการเลือกตั้งโดย Bundestag การThe chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in other parliamentary democracies. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections, by proportional representation (mixed-member). The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany with all chancellors hitherto being member of either party. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party (which has had members in the Bundestag since 1949) and the Alliance '90/The Greens (which has controlled seats in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review. Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court.Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system is aimed towards rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the general public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges (Schöffen) sit side by side with professional judges.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
