Strangely enough, this type of anticompetitive price fixing which is really what such practices amount to, was exempted from federal antitrust legislation through passage of Miller 1937 and the McGuire Act in 1952. These acts exempted retail price by manufacturers in states that permitted vertical pricing arrangements between manufacturers and such vertical price fixing to euphemistically as fair trade Most states enacted various forms of these laws With the passage of the Consumer Goods Pricing Act in 1975, which repealed the from federal McGuire acts, the legal basis for exempting state fair trade antitrust legislation no longer existed. Consequently, most state fair laws were no longer legal. Although the demise of fair trade laws removed the legal underpinnings for the practice of price maintenance in the marketing channel, the practice has by no means disappeared. Many manufacturers still try to influence the prices charged by their channel members. They do so for a variety of reasons, such as to protect the image of their pro- ducts, reduce the likelihood of price wars and provide channel members with sufficient profit margins to enable them to offer adequate pre- and post-sale service. Channel members who provide little service themselves and sell at low prices by feeding off the service provided by full-service channel members could be dropped as so-called free riders, as sometimes occurs when full-service channel members complain about adverse effects of the low-price free riders on their businesses.
Until recently, a manufacturer's dropping of price-cutting channel members was often viewed by the courts as being anticompetitive and as such in action of the antitrust laws. But the precedent established by a recent Supreme Court decision may have swung the pendulum back favor of allowing manufacturers to enforce price maintenance agreements with retailers. In June of 2007. the Supreme Court issued a ruling involving Leegin Creative Leather Products Inc., a manufacturer of women's purses and accessories, and Kay’s Kloset, a Dallas retailer, that could give manufacturers greater leeway in enforcing price maintenance policies whereby manufacturers stipulate to retailers the minimum price at their products can be sold at retail The court's ruling allows for such minimum pricing agreements to be examined on a case basis ne if they are anticompetitive. n the case, Kay's Kloset filed a lawsuit against Leegin Creative Leather alleging that it was cut off from receiving Leegin products because it discounted its retail prices below the minimum price set by Leegin The Supreme Court's 5-4 decision, written by Justice Anthony Kennedy, stated that minimum-pricing agreements between manufacturers and retailers are not necessarily anti-competitive and could actually benefit customers under certain circumstances, Justice Kennedy argued, for example, that such agreements could foster com by providing retailers with enough petition profit promote brand or offer better service. Based on the precedent established by this Supreme Court decision, it would appear that any given manufacturer now has more freedom to set and enforce minimum pricing agreements h retailers as long as it can show that its particular price maintenance agreement with retailers is not anti-competitive. Refusal to Deal In general, suppliers may select whomever they want as channel members and refuse to deal with whomever they want. This right is based on the precedent established in a classic Supreme Court Case of 1919 (United States v Colgate and Company) and is often referred to as the "Colgate doctrine," The court argued as follows:
The Sherman Act does not restrict the long zed right of a trader or manufacture turer engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to the parties with whom he will deal and, of course, he may announce in advance the circumstances under which ire will refuse to deal.
แพงกว่าพอ ชนิดของ anticompetitive การตรึงราคาที่เป็นจริงคืออะไรเช่นนี้ปฏิบัติเงิน ได้รับยกเว้นจากรัฐบาลกลางผูกขาดกฎหมายผ่านเนื้อเรื่องของมิลเลอร์ 1937 และบัญญัติ McGuire ใน 1952 ราคาขายปลีก โดยผู้ผลิตในอเมริกาที่ได้รับอนุญาตจัดแนวตั้งราคาระหว่างผู้ผลิตยกเว้นกิจการเหล่านี้ และกฎหมายเหล่านี้เรื่องพระราชบัญญัติการกำหนดราคาสินค้าอุปโภคบริโภคใน 1975 ที่ repealed ในรูปแบบต่าง ๆ เช่นแนวตั้งการตรึงราคาเพื่อ euphemistically เป็นแฟร์เทรดตราขึ้นอเมริกาส่วนใหญ่ที่จากสหพันธ์ McGuire กระทำ พื้นฐานทางกฎหมายสำหรับ exempting แฟร์เทรดกฎหมายต่อต้านการผูกขาดของรัฐไม่อยู่ ดังนั้น กฎหมายยุติธรรมรัฐส่วนใหญ่ได้มีกฎหมาย แม้ว่าลูกแฟร์เทรดกฎหมายเอา underpinnings กฎหมายสำหรับการปฏิบัติของการบำรุงรักษาราคาในช่องทางการตลาด การปฏิบัติโดยไม่หายไป ผู้ผลิตหลายรายยังได้มีผลต่อราคาที่เรียกเก็บ โดยสมาชิกของช่องทาง เขาดังด้วยเหตุผล เช่นป้องกันภาพของ pro-ท่อ ลดลงสงครามราคา และช่องทางสมาชิกมีกำไรเพียงพอที่จะทำให้สามารถให้บริการก่อน และหลังขายเพียงพอ สมาชิกช่องทางที่ให้บริการน้อยเอง และขายในราคาที่ต่ำ โดยให้อาหารปิดบริการได้ตามช่องทางบริการ สมาชิกอาจจะลดลงเป็นการขับขี่เรียกว่าฟรี เป็นบางครั้งเกิดขึ้นเมื่อสมาชิกครบวงจรช่องบ่นเกี่ยวกับผลข้างเคียงของผู้ขับขี่ฟรีราคาต่ำในธุรกิจของพวกเขา Until recently, a manufacturer's dropping of price-cutting channel members was often viewed by the courts as being anticompetitive and as such in action of the antitrust laws. But the precedent established by a recent Supreme Court decision may have swung the pendulum back favor of allowing manufacturers to enforce price maintenance agreements with retailers. In June of 2007. the Supreme Court issued a ruling involving Leegin Creative Leather Products Inc., a manufacturer of women's purses and accessories, and Kay’s Kloset, a Dallas retailer, that could give manufacturers greater leeway in enforcing price maintenance policies whereby manufacturers stipulate to retailers the minimum price at their products can be sold at retail The court's ruling allows for such minimum pricing agreements to be examined on a case basis ne if they are anticompetitive. n the case, Kay's Kloset filed a lawsuit against Leegin Creative Leather alleging that it was cut off from receiving Leegin products because it discounted its retail prices below the minimum price set by Leegin The Supreme Court's 5-4 decision, written by Justice Anthony Kennedy, stated that minimum-pricing agreements between manufacturers and retailers are not necessarily anti-competitive and could actually benefit customers under certain circumstances, Justice Kennedy argued, for example, that such agreements could foster com by providing retailers with enough petition profit promote brand or offer better service. Based on the precedent established by this Supreme Court decision, it would appear that any given manufacturer now has more freedom to set and enforce minimum pricing agreements h retailers as long as it can show that its particular price maintenance agreement with retailers is not anti-competitive. Refusal to Deal In general, suppliers may select whomever they want as channel members and refuse to deal with whomever they want. This right is based on the precedent established in a classic Supreme Court Case of 1919 (United States v Colgate and Company) and is often referred to as the "Colgate doctrine," The court argued as follows: The Sherman Act does not restrict the long zed right of a trader or manufacture turer engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to the parties with whom he will deal and, of course, he may announce in advance the circumstances under which ire will refuse to deal.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
