CONSTRUCTION OF RESEARCH VARIABLES
Integration Level of Tourism Supply Chain
Typically, there are three levels in implementation of supply chain practices namely direct supply chain, extended supply chain and an ultimate supply chain (Mentzer et al., 2001). A direct supply chain consists of a company, a supplier and a
customer involved in both upstream and/or downstream of products, services, finances and/or information. Nevertheless, an actual supply chain process is broader consisting of company’s suppliers (first tier) and their suppliers (secondtier) as well as company’s customers and their customers. This is known as an extended supply chain which has more chain members compared