This novelty effect (Burke 2008) is possibly absent with lesser experienced students, who would question the usefulness of these elaborately designed presentations. Further research could change the real-life learning setting of this experiment to a more laboratory-like situation to closely detect the impact of graphic organizers on students from secondary education. Furthermore, it might be interesting to examine the impact of graphic organizers on students’ performance and self-efficacy when they themselves employ these to deliver a presentation.