A 1980 survey asked British psychiatrists to report ECT–related deaths (Pippard & Ellam, 1981). Including only deaths that occurred during or within 72 hours of treatment, there were four deaths in 2,594 patients. This is one per 648.5 people; 15 times greater than the American Psychiatric Association claim. Of the additional six that died within a few weeks of ECT two were from heart attacks and one from a stroke, two of the most common causes of death from ECT. Inclusion of these three deaths produces a rate of one death per 371 ECT recipients. In a Norwegian survey three of 893 women (one per 298) died as a result of ECT (Strensrud, 1958). It could not be determined whether the only death (four days after ECT) among 75 ECT recipients in France was ECT-related. This study, by anaesthetists, recorded one or more “complications” for 51 (68%), including 12 (16%) which were “potentially life-threatening” (Tecoult & Nathan, 2001).