17.3.3.8 High Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (HT-GPC) HT-GPC measures the average MW and MWD of polymers requiring higher analysis temperatures. Typically, GPC is performed at room temperature, using THF or chloroform as solvents, demanding simple separation hardware requirements. However, there are many polymers, some of high commercial importance, such as polyolefins, nylons, or polyesters, that exhibit limited solubility at room temperature because of their high crystallinity, and therefore, their MWs can be assessed only at high temperatures, making them soluble in certain solvents, such as toluene, xylene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene [22, 23]. New parameters need to be introduced in HTGPC including polymer configuration, retention volume, MW calibration errors, solvent, polymer degradation, and column efficiency as a function of separation temperature [22–26]. Nevertheless, it is accepted that HT-GPC has the advantages of reduced analysis time and increased separation efficiency. Polymers that cannot dissolve at room temperature, especially those with a high level of crystallinity, generally require the use of high temperature and stirring in order to destroy the crystals. On cooling, the polymer will recrystallize and precipitate from the solution. For this reason, high temperature is required throughout the entire analysis to ensure that the samples remain in solution during the experiment. Thus, it is necessary that the GPC systemisequipped withacolumn heater inorder tokeep the polymer in solution and to obtain reliable and reproducible results. In general, all different sections of the equipment have to be kept at high temperature to avoid the precipitation of the polymer and the blockage of the tubing due to an increase of the pressure of the system. The equipment
17.3.3.8 High Temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (HT-GPC) HT-GPC measures the average MW and MWD of polymers requiring higher analysis temperatures. Typically, GPC is performed at room temperature, using THF or chloroform as solvents, demanding simple separation hardware requirements. However, there are many polymers, some of high commercial importance, such as polyolefins, nylons, or polyesters, that exhibit limited solubility at room temperature because of their high crystallinity, and therefore, their MWs can be assessed only at high temperatures, making them soluble in certain solvents, such as toluene, xylene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene [22, 23]. New parameters need to be introduced in HTGPC including polymer configuration, retention volume, MW calibration errors, solvent, polymer degradation, and column efficiency as a function of separation temperature [22–26]. Nevertheless, it is accepted that HT-GPC has the advantages of reduced analysis time and increased separation efficiency. Polymers that cannot dissolve at room temperature, especially those with a high level of crystallinity, generally require the use of high temperature and stirring in order to destroy the crystals. On cooling, the polymer will recrystallize and precipitate from the solution. For this reason, high temperature is required throughout the entire analysis to ensure that the samples remain in solution during the experiment. Thus, it is necessary that the GPC systemisequipped withacolumn heater inorder tokeep the polymer in solution and to obtain reliable and reproducible results. In general, all different sections of the equipment have to be kept at high temperature to avoid the precipitation of the polymer and the blockage of the tubing due to an increase of the pressure of the system. The equipment
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