Concrete goals embodied in individual buildings can include minimizing environmental impacts (such as energy and water consumption or waste), furthering equal access (such as non-discrimination of the disabled), and optimizing the integration of the build and natural environments. To ensure buildings on campus can meet these goals in the long term, and in a flexible manner, useful processes include participatory planning (integrating end-users such as faculty, staff, and students) and life-cycle costing (taking into account future cost savings from sustainable construction)