Table 2
Definitions and references for sensory attributes of the orange cakes.
Sensory attribute Definition References
Appearance
Crust brownness Degree of brown
colour of regular
cake crust
Low: Milk biscuit
High: Glucose syrup
Dough beigeness Degree of beige colour
of regular cake dough
Low: White bread crumb
High: Milk biscuit
Crust brightness Ability to reflect light Low: Milk biscuit
High: “Brigadeiro”
(Brazilian sweet made
of chocolate and
condensed milk)
Crust uniformity Homogeneity of the
crust in relation to
presence of air bubbles
Low: Bath sponge
High: Commercial
orange cake
Size of the bubbles
in the dough
Size of the cavities
formed by air bubbles
Small: Commercial
orange cake
Large: Bath sponge
Aroma
Orange aroma Characteristic
orange aroma
None: Filtered water
High: Orange juice
Flavour
Orange flavour Characteristic
orange flavour
Low: 100 mL of orange
juice diluted with 200 mL
of filtered water
High: Orange juice
Sweet taste Characteristic
sweet flavour
Low: White bread crumb
High: Caramelized
milk sweet
Texture
Hardness Minimum force necessary
to compress the sample
between the teeth
Low: White bread crumb
High: Commercial
orange cake
Moisture Sensation caused by the
amount of water presented
in the cake
Low: Milk biscuit
High: One slice
of commercial
orange cake moistened
with 10 mL of milk
Crumbliness Ease of breaking off a slice
of cake with the fingers
and dissolving in the mouth
Low: Commercial
orange cake
High: White bread crumb
Stickiness Force required to overcome
the traction between the
food and the palate
Low: White bread crumb
High: “Sequilho”
(dry biscuit)