Smoking is the health behavior most closely linked with long-term negative health outcomes
(see Smoking and Health ). Morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) are
increased among smokers (Doll et al. 1994). Moreover, there is a strong positive relationship
between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the incidence of CHD (Friedman et al.
1979). Smoking has also been linked to a number of cancers, including cancer of the lung,
throat, stomach and bowel as well as a number of more immediate negative health effects
such as reduced lung capacity and bronchitis (Royal College of Physicians 1983). Despite the
array of negative health outcomes, smokers often report positive mood effects from smoking
and the use of smoking as a strategy for coping with stress.