Recent literature has begun to examine these relationships in
Asia and in lower income countries. A number of studies of lower
income countries and countries in Asia have found similar relationships
(e.g. Lee and Smith, 2011 for Korea; Witoelar et al., 2012
for Indonesia; and 11 studies in 6 lower and middle income
countries surveyed by Patel and Kleinman, 2003). Other studies,
such as Inaba et al. (2005), have found no relationships between
schooling and depressive symptoms in Japan. A small number of
studies in lower income countries, such as Das et al. (2007), have
failed to find relationships between depressive symptoms and
schooling, but the preponderance of the evidence seems to
demonstrate relationships that are similar to those found in the
United States and other industrialized countries.