Contents
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Classification of Energy, 3
Gross Energy, 3
Digestible Energy, 3
Metabolizable Energy, 4
Net Energy, 4
Heat Production, 5
Temperature, 5
Activity, 5
Energy Requirements, 5
Maintenance, 5
Growth, 6
Pregnancy, 6
Lactation, 7
Developing Boars and Gilts, 7
Sexually Active Boars, 8
Energy Sources, 8
Sugars and Starch, 8
Nonstarch Polysaccharides, 8
Lipids, 9
Voluntary Feed Intake, 10
Suckling Pigs, 10
Weanling Pigs, 10
Growing-Finishing Pigs, 10
Sows, 11
References, 11
2 PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids, 16
xi
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine: 10th Revised Edition
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6016.html
xii Contents
Amino Acids in Diets, 17
Ratios Among Amino Acids (Ideal Protein), 17
Bioavailability of Amino Acids, 18
Amino Acid Isomers, 19
Amino Acid Deficiencies and Excesses, 19
Amino Acid Requirements, 19
Starting Pigs, 19
Growing-Finishing Pigs, 24
Sows, 25
Boars, 25
References, 26
3 MODELS FOR ESTIMATING ENERGY AND AMINO ACID
REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Overview of the Models, 31
Growing-Finishing Pigs, 32
Requirement for Lysine, 32
Requirements for Other Amino Acids, 35
Expression of Amino Acid Requirements, 35
Gestating Sows, 36
Composition of Weight Gain, 37
Requirement for Energy, 37
Requirement for Lysine, 38
Requirements for Other Amino Acids, 38
Expression of Amino Acid Requirements, 38
Lactating Sows, 38
Requirement for Energy, 39
Requirement for Lysine, 39
Requirements for Other Amino Acids, 40
Expression of Amino Acid Requirements, 40
Weanling Pigs, 40
Mineral and Vitamin Requirements, 41
Evaluation of the Models, 42
Growth Model, 42
Gestation Model, 44
Lactation Model, 44
References, 44
4 MINERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Macro Minerals, 47
Calcium and Phosphorus, 47
Sodium and Chlorine, 49
Magnesium, 50
Potassium, 51
Sulfur, 51
Micro/Trace Minerals, 51
Chromium, 51
Cobalt, 52
Copper, 52
Iodine, 53
Iron, 54
Manganese, 55
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine: 10th Revised Edition
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6016.html
Contents xiii
Selenium, 55
Zinc, 56
References, 57
5 VITAMINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Fat-Soluble Vitamins, 71
Vitamin A, 71
Vitamin D, 73
Vitamin E, 73
Vitamin K, 74
Water-Soluble Vitamins, 75
Biotin, 75
Choline, 76
Folacin, 77
Niacin, 78
Pantothenic Acid, 78
Riboflavin, 79
Thiamin, 79
Vitamin B6 (The Pyridoxines), 80
Vitamin B12, 80
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), 81
References, 82
6 WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Functions of Water, 90
Water Turnover, 90
Water Requirements, 91
Suckling Pigs, 91
Weanling Pigs, 91
Growing-Finishing Pigs, 92
Gestating Sows, 93
Lactating Sows, 93
Boars, 93
Water Quality, 93
References, 95
7 NONNUTRITIVE FEED ADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Additives, 97
Antimicrobial Agents, 97
Anthelmintics, 98
Microbial Supplements, 98
Oligosaccharides, 98
Enzymes, 98
Acidifiers, 98
Flavors, 99
Odor Control Agents, 99
Antioxidants, 99
Pellet Binders, 99
Flow Agents, 99
Mineral Supplements, 99
Carcass Modifiers, 99
Safety Concerns, 99
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine: 10th Revised Edition
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6016.html
xiv Contents
Regulations, 100
References, 100
8 MINIMIZING NUTRIENT EXCRETION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
References, 105
9 DIET FORMULATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Formulating a Corn–Soybean Meal Diet, 107
Formulation, 107
10 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
11 COMPOSITION OF FEED INGREDIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
References, 142
APPENDIXES
1 Equations Used to Model the Biological Basis for Predicting Nutrient
Requirements, 143
2 Equations for Determining Lean Growth Rate of Pigs, 148
3 Method to Create a Cubic Regression Equation, 150
4 A User’s Guide for Model Application, 153
5 Help Screens, 171
AUTHORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180