DeFond and Park (1997) find that, on the one
hand, when current earnings are çpooré and
expected future earnings are çgoodé, managers
borrow earnings from the future for use in the current
period. On the other hand, when current earnings are
çgoodé and expected future earnings are çpooré
managers çsaveé current earnings for possible use in
the future. This is called çsmoothing incomeé.
However, they cannot exclude selection bias in
explanation their findings