systems, standard operations leave much of the stand behind. In
these settings the term retention should be limited to structural
attributes, such as dead trees, habitat trees, or non-vigorous and
low quality trees, which would be removed under conventional
uneven-aged management. Modified prescriptions to maintain
undisturbed stand patches or an intact understorey may be more
appropriately called ‘‘restricted selection’’. In addition to retained
structural attributes, the spatial and size distribution of gaps is
important for emulating patterns created by natural disturbances