While labour flexibility may be a positive attribute, it can also be detrimental. Although labour markets are increasingly flexible, occupations requiring a flexible workforce may not be identified as viable career choices – in the UK part-time tourism and hospitality employment is significantly higher than in other European Union countries (Keep and Mayhew, 1999). The high proportions of casual and part-time staff employed within the industries may be less inclined to view the tourism industry as a long-term career option, perceiving it to be a transient job. Subsequently, part-time and casual employees may be unwilling to invest in industry-related qualifications. (Beech and Chadwich)