When undertaking a review of case studies concerned with environmental citizenship, a significant challenge exists in defining the scope of the concept. While EEA attempted this through the development of the search phrases and terms and the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria in refining the search for literature, the breadth of literature revealed by the search was still vast. As discussed below, one reason for this is due to the interrelatedness of the concepts, taxonomy and
practical implementation of environmental citizenship. This document does not aim to review the theory, background or taxonomy of environmental citizenship. Instead it aims to grasp the characteristics, approaches and the tools that are described in the literature as defining environmental citizenship in order to provide a useful set of case studies that
EPA can use within its existing environmental citizenship conceptual framework. Figure 1 taken from Hawthorne and Alabaster, 1999 illustrates the complex interaction of factors that contribute to environmental citizenship. Hawthorn and Alabaster, 1999 also describe several of the components required to construct a working model of environmental citizenship.