buy archipelagic Southeast Asia remained more fluid. Some kingdoms were formed in parts of today’s Java’ Bali’ Maluka” and Cambodia’ foe instance, but they were held together often by kinship and religious ties rather than bureaucratic structure or territorial control (Lieberman,2003). The base, scale and types of political organization were therefore different across the region, and so were the modalities og legitimacy.
Colonialism set a new course and began to transform this diverse landscape, through interactive and administrative change that would eventually give way to the emergence of modern states. European influences deeply affected many societies. Including their culture and mode of social organization. Politically, colonialism introduced modern forms of warfare, fostered rapid and deeper integrations to world markets, set new and more fixed boundaries and imposed new forms of administrative and political organization. As the historian Anthony Reid has noted. This imperial alchemy mixed with a varied landscape of diverse societies culture to produce new forms (Reid 2010).
Resistance to colonial rule eventually latched onto global political trends as well. The flipside of colonialism’s transformative power is the history of popular discontent and rebellion again European intrusion. Where European powers countered well-established kingdoms, sometimes military force was the only means by which to subjugate local populations. Muslims in Mamdanao and the Sulu Archipelago Zin today’s Southern Philippines), for instance militarily resisted Spanish conquest. So did the against the Dutch colonial army’s attempts to gain full control over the territory representing today’s Indonesia. Once consolidated, colonial regimes encountered this type of the large and small-scale residence. Millenarian movements were large scale peasant rebellions that were mobilized by leaders who were seen almost as prophets or messiahs offering more prosperous and better future. The Java War of 1825-30’ let by prince Dipnegoro in the Dutch East Indies’ as well as the Saya San Rebellion of 1930-2 in British Burman both had this character (Adas’1979) At other times’ peasants rebelled in smaller’ less visible in villages or more contained locations. James C. Scott wrote about peasant rebellion under colonial rule. He explains how the colonial rule economy threatened the norms and moral codes of conduct in peasant societies. Peasant rebelled when redistributive norms and survival strategies came under intense pressure form colonial transformation’ thereby violating the moral economy of the peasant (Scott’ 1967). While they might join large-scale rebellious movement, they could also adopt everyday forms of resistance which are individual acts of resistance’ often hidden’ targeted at landowners or authority figures (Scott’ 1985). By the beginning of the twentieth century new ideologies and models of political organization emerged