Our primary outcome measures were the unadjusted mean difference in knowledge score between the two groups at the postnatal assessment with respect to contraception, breastfeeding, and infant vaccination, and the pooled incidence of predefined adverse neonatal outcomes: infant death, severe non-accidental injury, and non-voluntary foster care. We confirmed infant death by reference to a death certificate. Severe non-accidental injury was defined as hospital admission as a result of an injury that was referred for independent investigation by the Family and Children's Services staff and concluded to have arisen as a result of a non-accidental injury to the neonate. We defined non-voluntary foster care as the placement of an infant (plus or minus mother) into the care of the state as a result of a court order placed by Family and Children's Services staff or as a result of the mother's imprisonment. Before a child can be placed in foster care by the state, a substantiated risk of child abuse and neglect must be established.