Beginning in the mid-1970s, researchers (e.g. Wanous, 1975, 1978) started to criticize this approach and hypothesized that its benefits in terms of attracting large numbers of candidates may be more than outweighed by its negative consequences for the selection and retention of those candidates. Following the lead of Wanous (1975), many HRM scholars pointed out that an unrealistic presentation of job-related information may lead to a “rude awakening” when newly hired employees discover the reality of the job. The larger the gap between what has been promised during recruitment and what the employees experience during their first weeks and months on the job, so they argue, the higher the likelihood that they will be frustrated, dissatisfied, and unproductive. In the end, many of them may quit rapidly.