Abstract
This monograph summarizes recent research on language testing washback. It begins by compiling
several definitions of washback and related constructs. It then poses a model of language testing
washback and examines the available research related to this model. The monograph concludes with
recommendations for appropriate research methods to be used in future investigations of washback.
Acknowledgments
In writing this review of the literature, I have been influenced by the work of a large number of
people, but most especially Charles Alderson, Arthur Hughes, Elana Shohamy, and Dianne Wall.
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