In addition to their macronutrient profile, almonds provide a good source of nutrients known to modulate vascular function, including L-arginine, flavonoids, folic acid, and vitamin E. In a clinical trial of 60 healthy men with risk factors for CVD, Choudhury et al. [14] tested 50 g almonds/day for 4 weeks and found improved flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). However, no studies are available that examine the effect of almonds on endothelial reactivity in patients with compromised vascular function. Therefore, we hypothesized that addition of 85 g/day almonds to a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 1 diet would improve vascular function in patients with CAD via an increase in nitric oxide (NO) availability and reduction in dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, and/or oxidative stress.