INTRODUCTION
Shippers including retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers and suppliers are
faced with diverse changing consumer needs which mean that it is desirable
for them to produce only essential goods and distribute them to suitable
places at suitable times while keeping minimum inventories in their entire
supply chains. Therefore, they ask the logistics service providers to make
frequent, small and just-in-time/just-in-sequence (JIT/JIS) shipments of
goods, which have become common in the developed and developing
countries. These practices, however, usually increase road freight traffic in
terms of vehicle-km, because the trucks have to be dispatched before the
trucks are loaded to capacity. The statistics indicate that the truck loading
rate, the volume of cargo in terms of weight divided by truck capacity (tons
transported/capacity in tons) in Japan has been decreasing continuously for
the last two decades (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Transport and
Tourism, 1990–2009). This also holds for Germany where the transport
intensity (transport input per unit of GDP) has increased in the last decade.
The increase in freight traffic in urban areas further aggravates traffic
congestion and environmental problems such as air and noise pollution.
INTRODUCTION
Shippers including retailers, wholesalers, by macvx"> manufacturers and suppliers are
faced with diverse changing consumer needs which mean that it is desirable
for them to produce only essential goods and distribute them to suitable
places at suitable times while keeping minimum inventories in their entire
supply chains. Therefore, they ask the logistics service providers to make
frequent, small and just-in-time/just-in-sequence (JIT/JIS) shipments of
goods, which have become common in the developed and developing
countries. These practices, however, usually increase road freight traffic in
terms of vehicle-km, because the trucks have to be dispatched before the
trucks are loaded to capacity. The statistics indicate that the truck loading
rate, the volume of cargo in terms of weight divided by truck capacity (tons
transported/capacity in tons) in Japan has been decreasing continuously for
the last two decades (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Transport and
Tourism, 1990–2009). This also holds for Germany where the transport
intensity (transport input per unit of GDP) has increased in the last decade.
The increase in freight traffic in urban areas further aggravates traffic
congestion and environmental problems such as air and noise pollution.
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