Subsequent analyses of data from institutional or private herds supported those conclusions except for cows mechanically milked and artificial calf rearing, in which milk yield increased with higher Holstein gene fractions, although economic analyses have not been conducted in such systems. The published evidence does not support the widely held breeders’ belief that a ⅝ inter se Holstein composite is an optimal goal. For systems in which the male calves were not reared, three way Jersey/H/Gir crosses were more profitable than H/Gir and Brown Swiss/H/Gir on account of their higher fertility, lower weight and longer herd life