Researchers are applying modern molecular biology and data
analysis to unpick the genetic changes through which C4
plants evolved. So far, their research shows that although each
case involves slightly different genetic changes, the end results
are remarkably similar in both biochemistry and leaf
structure.3 “The repeated evolution of this complex system
implies that there are some relatively simple genetic switches
that control it,” says Hibberd. “If we can understand these, we
should be able to use them to engineer the system.” Currently,
researchers plan to genetically engineer rice with genes from
C4 plants, such as maize. This means the project will have to
satisfy national and international regulatory frameworks on the
use of genetic engineering in crops. The research teams
involved will also consult with both rice farmers and the public
before launching C4 varieties.