Unfortunately, the characteristics of civilian educators generally are inconsistent with the requirements of student-centered learning or PBL (Borko & Putnam, 1996). In general, civilian education (including college undergraduate instruction) been dominated by traditional, teacher centered instructional methods, producing (1) concepts of subject matter as a static body of facts; (2) philosophies of teaching as knowledge transmission; (3) expectations for students to be passive participants in the learning process; and (4) greater familiarity and comfort with controlled teaching techniques. Because beliefs have been shown to be very difficult to change, one implication of the similarity between Army instructors and civilian educators is that the Army will encounter similar challenges implementing student-centered teaching and PBL. In addition, changes in the nature of warfare and in the operational environment decrease the likelihood that any one instructor will have comprehensive subject matter expertise. As the operational tempo remains high, Army instructors face significant challenges keeping their domain knowledge current and relevant.