Moreover, MNDWI can enhance the contrast between built-up land and water much more than NDWI because built-up lands reflect MIR radiation much higher than NIR radiation (Figure 3). The increase in difference between them would help the delineation of these two classes
(Table 3).
NDBI-derived Built-up Land Image The built-up land image (Figure 1d and 1h) was produced
using the NDBI of Zha et al. (2003) with the following equation: