In addition, there are methodological reasons to supplement self- and peer assessment with standard oriented assessment and accountability considerations. Assessment should be done with regard to criteria, such as those proposed by the American Educational Research Association (AERA). On the basis of these findings, the following recommendations are given to correspond with the EU goals of transparency and mobility: (a) initiating a detailed and summarising review of the diverse practices of competence assessment in the EU, focusing on the methodological dimension;
(b) promoting empirical investigation about the measurement quality of selected and prototypical assessment procedures practised in the EU;
(c) activating conceptual and empirical research on how to define and validate competence and its development in VET;
(d) advocating a VET-PISA in selected occupations or sectors under the patronage of the EU.