Small paired kettledrums called naqqāra reached Europe by the 13th century via the Crusades and became known as nakers. In the mid-15th century the large paired kettledrums of the Ottoman Turks were taken to Europe, principally by way of Hungary and Germany. By the 16th century, screws were placed around the circumference of copper shells to control tensioning and tuning of the calfskin heads. By that time trumpet and kettledrum players were established in most important noble households, and players of both instruments belonged to the same exclusive guild.