Recommendation #2. Evidence is lacking related to VAP and issues of heated versus unheated circuits, type of heated humidifier, method for filling the humidifier, and technique for clearing condensate from the venti- lator circuit. It is prudent to avoid excessive accumu- lation of condensate in the circuit. Care should be taken to avoid accidental drainage of condensate into the pa- tient’s airway and to avoid contamination of caregivers during ventilator disconnection or during disposal of condensate. Care should be taken to avoid breaking the ventilator circuit, which could contaminate the interior of the circuit. (Grade D)