II. From Congratulation to Crisis
There also were, or at least should have been, questions about all this optimism.
Eichengreen and Ghironi (2003), analyzing a cross-section of countries, showed that
convergence was to be expected only among economies with relatively strong institutions.
This was consistent with Barro and Sala-i-Martin’s (1992) earlier identification of ‘convergence
clubs’ – a finding which similarly suggested that convergence was conditional.
And national institutions being deeply rooted in national history, there was little reason to
expect sharp changes over short periods. The existence of localized increasing returns –
agglomeration economies from locating different advanced activities complementary to
one another in the same local economy – suggested that the country that started out ahead
might in fact widen its lead with economic and monetary integration (Krugman, 1993).4
For all these reasons, different levels of institutional strength between, say, Greece and
Germany, suggested the further divergences in growth performance, raising doubts about
the suitability of a common monetary policy.
II. From Congratulation to CrisisThere also were, or at least should have been, questions about all this optimism.Eichengreen and Ghironi (2003), analyzing a cross-section of countries, showed thatconvergence was to be expected only among economies with relatively strong institutions.This was consistent with Barro and Sala-i-Martin’s (1992) earlier identification of ‘convergenceclubs’ – a finding which similarly suggested that convergence was conditional.And national institutions being deeply rooted in national history, there was little reason toexpect sharp changes over short periods. The existence of localized increasing returns –agglomeration economies from locating different advanced activities complementary toone another in the same local economy – suggested that the country that started out aheadmight in fact widen its lead with economic and monetary integration (Krugman, 1993).4For all these reasons, different levels of institutional strength between, say, Greece andGermany, suggested the further divergences in growth performance, raising doubts aboutthe suitability of a common monetary policy.
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