where bu and bT are estimates of the time-level n þ 1 velocity and
temperature field in a neighborhood of the solid boundary in the
absence of forcing, and uF and TF are the velocity and temperature
(at the same location) when forcing is taken into account. Here, bu
and bT are estimated with a simple, explicit AdamseBashforth
scheme where Eqs. (2) and (3) are provisionally discretized
explicitly in time to derive the momentum forcing value, as
described in Refs. [19,20]