• Initiation– students became aware of a lack of knowledge and felt uncer tainand apprehensive, which motivated active seeking for information.• Selection – when students identified a general area, topic or problem, theyfelt optimistic and ready to begin the search (relevant exploring) althoughthey were still vague about ideas.• Exploration – moving from general to specific; students encounteredinconsistent, incompatible information and felt confused and frustratedalthough they were learning more about the topic.• Formulation – at this stage, students formed a focus of the topic,uncertainty diminished, personal knowledge increased, and informationseeking became more successful.• Collection – when students gathered pertinent information and organizedinformation for writing, they became interested, involved and confident.• Presentation – when students completed the research with a paper andpresentation, they felt satisfied or sometimes bored and wanted to moveon to something new.The Information Search Process Model identifies the various feelings thatinformation seekers experience in each stage of the search process, especially