Results
Participants
The PEM-CY was completed online by 576 parents and guardians
of children with and without disabilities residing in the United
States and Canada. The groups were similar in a number of
demographic characteristics (table 2). Most respondents were
mothers, had high levels of education (most graduated from
college or graduate school), and lived in similar types of
communities (most resided in the Northeast, United States, and
Southern Ontario, Canada). There were approximately equal
numbers of children with disabilities (nZ282) and without
disabilities (nZ294). Most children were white, non-Hispanic
(nZ466; 81%) followed by black (nZ19; 3%), South Asian
(nZ15; 2.5%), Hispanic/Latino (nZ10; 2%), other (nZ8; 1%), or
not reported (nZ46; 7%). More children without disabilities were
younger than 12 years (P