while a focus on Islamic travel, both international and domestic, is a possible future direction for muslim destinations, there are economic constraints as well as ideological barriers to be overcome. Notwithstanding the affluence of some Muslim groups, others in densely populated states such as Indonesia have very low incomes which will exclude participation in tourism. They may also lack of funding for investment in infrastructure. The evolution of a pan-Muslim market to its full potential is a long-term process and a country like Malaysia, with an already comparatively advanced international tourism industry, cannot rely on such visitors. Greater inclusive Muslim tourism achieved through cooperation thus is only a viably option commercially in combination with others strategies, at last from a national perspective