The following sections provide a short historical outline of the evolution
of understanding crop-rotation effects (Section 1.1); furthermore,
versatile benefits of crop rotations are explained (Section 1.2). Several
examples of crop-rotation effects are mentioned (Section 1.3), and
different approaches are described for considering them in LCAs
(Section 1.4). None of them covers the full range of crop-rotation effects
and thus none is completely satisfactory. So far, no agreement has been
achieved about whether and how the various crop-rotation effects are
to be included in LCA via a uniform approach. The crop-rotation effects
are physically real, described in agricultural publications (Curl, 1963;
Ball et al., 2005; Karlen et al., 2013) and do have strong influence on
agricultural practices e.g. cultivation planning, plant protection and