The more recent MMPI-2 and MMPI-A have maintained the original 10 clinical/personality scales as well as the original 3 validity scales, but the total number of validity scales has been increased (see Table 7.1). The clinical and personality scales are known both by their scale numbers and by scale abbreviations. Additional options are available to refine the meaning of the clinical scales as well as provide additional information. These include scales based on item content (content scales), subscales for the clinical and personality scales based on clusters of content-related items (Harris-Lingoes subscales), assessment of items and item clusters that relate to relevant dimensions (critical items) and empirically derived new scales (supplementary scales). New scales are still being researched and reported in the literature, The result of these developments is an extremely diverse and potentially useful test that can be interpreted, refined, and from a variety of different perspectives.