The research on vehicle fuel LCA has been primarily conducted in the United States and Europe
where the LCA research on more than 100 technology pathways were carried out based on the GREET
model and LEM model. In the past decades, the Argonne National Laboratory has utilized the GREET
model to conduct the life-cycle-analysis on bio-fuel pathways including the soy-based diesel,
corn-based ethanol, corn-based butanol, cornstalk-based ethanol, sugarcane-based ethanol in Brazil and
ethanol from forestry waste pathways etc. As shown in Table.3.