Another early empirical study was conducted by Cardy, Carson, and Stewart
(1996). Their study examined "the effects of conscientiousness and self-leadership
training on employee self-direction" (p. 142). The results indicated more of a benefit
from conducting self-leadership training with employees who had low levels of
conscientiousness than from conducting the training with employees who had high levels
of conscientiousness (p. 149). The study alluded to the importance of conducting a
training needs analysis to identify individually those for whom self-leadership
development would be most effective (p. 147).