2 types of breathing that nurses observe: 1. Costal (thoracic) breathing – involves the external intercostal muscle and other accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle. 2. Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing – involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, observed by the movement of the abdomen, which occurs as a result of the diaphragm’s contraction and downward movement.
Breathing Patterns:
Rate 1. Eupnea – normal respiration that is quiet, rhythmic, and effortless 2. Tachypnea – rapid respiration marked by quick, shallow breaths 3. Bradypnea – abnormally slow breathing 4. Apnea – cessation of breathing Volume 1. Hyperventilation – an increase in the amount of air in the lungs, characterized by prolonged and deep breaths; may be associated with anxiety