Gastrointestinal infections
Infectious gastrointestinal tract disease is common in
horses, particularly colitis (Table 10.4). Many problems
may originate from disruption of the normal
intestinal microflora. While overgrowth of pathogens
is an important component of the pathophysiology,
the exact mechanisms as well as the means to ‘restore’
the normal balance are poorly understood. The use
of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy for colitis in
adult horses is controversial and in general not indicated.
Some clinicians use antimicrobials routinely
while others restrict treatment to severely compromised
and/or neutropenic animals, and some rarely,if ever, use parenteral antimicrobials. It is important
to remember that broad-spectrum therapy is unlikely
to have an effect on the pathogen within the gastrointestinal
tract. Rather, the goal of therapy is to prevent/
treat bacterial translocation, something that is uncommonly
identified in adult, immunocompetent horses.
Using antimicrobials may cause further microflora
disruption, adversely affecting the re-establishment
of a ‘normal’ microflora and leading to antimicrobial
resistance. In the case of antimicrobial-associated
colitis, if bacterial infection is not likely, or not of
such severity that withdrawal of treatment for a
period of time would adversely affect the outcome,
then cessation of all antimicrobials is recommended.
Antimicrobial therapy is not indicated to eliminate
colonization with pathogens such as Salmonella
because there is no evidence of efficacy.
Oral antimicrobial therapy, mainly using metronidazole,
is a common treatment of idiopathic and
clostridial colitis (16). Some clinicians have used vancomycin
for the treatment of C. difficile-associated
diarrhoea. Considering the importance of vancomycin
in the treatment of serious infections in humans,
the recent emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
in horses, and the lack of safety or efficacy data
in horses, the authors consider the use of vancomycin
in horses inappropriate.
Abdominal abscessation and peritonitis provide
different challenges. Abdominal abscesses may be
caused by a variety of pathogens, and obtaining samples
for culture and susceptibility testing is difficult.
Furthermore, incision and drainage, the most effective
form of abscess treatment, is rarely an option.
Therefore, long-term empirical antimicrobial therapy
is required, and the drugs chosen must have the ability
to penetrate abscesses and have some activity in
the presence of organic debris. Peritonitis may be
caused by the same range of pathogens as abdominal
abscesses, however diagnostic sample collection is
easy, adjunctive therapy (abdominal lavage) is feasible,
and therapeutic antimicrobial levels are more easily
achieved at the site of infection.
PHF is an important disease in certain regions, and
clinical response to antimicrobials tends to be rapid.
However, since the treatment of choice, intravenous
oxytetracycline, is considered to be a high-risk drug
for antimicrobial-associated colitis, it should be used
judiciously and only in animals with clinical disease
and a high index of suspicion of PHF.
การติดเชื้อในระบบโรคติดเชื้อระบบทางเดินได้ทั่วไปในม้า โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง colitis (ตารางที่ 10.4) ปัญหามากมายอาจมาจากทรัพยปกติmicroflora ลำไส้ ขณะ overgrowth ของโรคเป็นส่วนประกอบสำคัญของ pathophysiologyกลไกที่แน่นอนรวมทั้งหมายถึง 'การคืนค่า'ไม่ดีจะเข้าใจสมดุลปกติ การใช้งานการรักษา ด้วยจุลินทรีย์ broad-spectrum สำหรับ colitis ในม้าสำหรับผู้ใหญ่จะแย้ง และโดยทั่วไปไม่ระบุบาง clinicians ใช้ antimicrobials เป็นประจำในขณะที่คนอื่นจำกัดรักษาการโจมตีอย่างรุนแรงหรือสัตว์ neutropenic และบางส่วนไม่ค่อย ถ้าเคย ใช้ parenteral antimicrobials เป็นสิ่งสำคัญไม่น่าจำ broad-spectrum ที่ บำบัดมีผลการศึกษาในระบบการทางเดิน ค่อนข้าง เป้าหมายของการรักษาคือการ ป้องกัน /รักษาการสับเปลี่ยนแบคทีเรีย สิ่งที่เป็น uncommonlyระบุในผู้ใหญ่ immunocompetent ม้าใช้ antimicrobials อาจทำให้เพิ่มเติม microfloraทรัพย ส่งผลกระทบต่อสถานประกอบการใหม่microflora 'ปกติ' และนำการยับยั้งจุลินทรีย์ต้านทาน ในกรณีของจุลินทรีย์ที่เกี่ยวข้องcolitis ถ้าไม่แล้ว ติดเชื้อแบคทีเรีย หรือไม่ความรุนแรงดังกล่าวที่ถอนของการรักษาความระยะเวลาที่จะส่งผลแล้วขอแนะนำให้ยุติทั้งหมด antimicrobialsไม่มีระบุจุลินทรีย์บำบัดเพื่อกำจัดcolonization with pathogens such as Salmonellabecause there is no evidence of efficacy.Oral antimicrobial therapy, mainly using metronidazole,is a common treatment of idiopathic andclostridial colitis (16). Some clinicians have used vancomycinfor the treatment of C. difficile-associateddiarrhoea. Considering the importance of vancomycinin the treatment of serious infections in humans,the recent emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococciin horses, and the lack of safety or efficacy datain horses, the authors consider the use of vancomycinin horses inappropriate.Abdominal abscessation and peritonitis providedifferent challenges. Abdominal abscesses may becaused by a variety of pathogens, and obtaining samplesfor culture and susceptibility testing is difficult.Furthermore, incision and drainage, the most effectiveform of abscess treatment, is rarely an option.Therefore, long-term empirical antimicrobial therapyis required, and the drugs chosen must have the abilityto penetrate abscesses and have some activity inthe presence of organic debris. Peritonitis may becaused by the same range of pathogens as abdominalabscesses, however diagnostic sample collection iseasy, adjunctive therapy (abdominal lavage) is feasible,and therapeutic antimicrobial levels are more easilyachieved at the site of infection.PHF is an important disease in certain regions, andclinical response to antimicrobials tends to be rapid.However, since the treatment of choice, intravenousoxytetracycline, is considered to be a high-risk drugfor antimicrobial-associated colitis, it should be usedjudiciously and only in animals with clinical diseaseand a high index of suspicion of PHF.
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